Efectos de la radiación no ionizante emitida por dispositivos inalámbricos

The use of portable electronic equipment that emits non-ionizing radiation in the electromagnetic spectrum increases steadily and marks a trend likely to integrate functionality and miniaturization. Particularly, cellular telephony is widely used all around the world by a large number of users, despite little is known about the effects they may have on human health or that provides certainty about the results obtained. Many studies and projects to investigate those have been carried out, some have reached alarming results DNA breaks, genotoxicity, while others found no potential or significant threats and namely the results are not conclusive. The investigation document presents an analysis of previous specialized documentation, developed by recognized organizations in order to promote and enhance the discussion of the topic, considered polemical.El empleo de equipo electrónico portátil que emite radiación no ionizante en el espectro electromagnético se incrementa de manera constante y marca una tendencia proclive a la integración de funcionalidades y la miniaturización. Particularmente, la telefonía celular es usada amplia e intensivamente alrededor del mundo por un extenso número de usuarios, a pesar de que poco se sabe de los efectos que podrían tener en la salud humana o la certeza sobre los resultados obtenidos al investigarlos: algunos han alcanzado resultados alarmantes ruptura del ADN, genotoxicidad–, mientras que otros no han encontrado amenazas potenciales o significativas, es decir, los resultados no son concluyentes. El presente documento de investigación realiza un análisis con enfoque integral de la documentación especializada previa, realizada por organismos reconocidos, para favorecer y enriquecer la discusión de este tema, considerado polémico

DISTRIBUIÇÃO ESPACIAL DAS MACROALGAS ASSOCIADAS ÀS FLORESTAS DE MANGUE NA PENÍNSULA DE AJURUTEUA, BRAGANÇA-PARÁ

Este estudo objetivou caracterizar a comunidade de macroalgas presentes na península de Ajuruteua e na Ilha de Canelas, Bragança, Pará. As coletas foram realizadas nos seguintes substratos: tronco, pneumatóforo e rizóforo. Três réplicas por substrato foram coletadas em cada um dos nove pontos amostrais para a identificação das espécies. Foram registradas 11 espécies de macroalgas pertencentes a sete gêneros ao longo de um gradiente de salinidade, que variou de 16 a 42,  e cujo número de espécies não apresentou diferença significativa na sua distribuição espacial. As comunidades algais ao longo da península até a Ilha de Canelas mostraram alta similaridade entre si, com valores acima de 80%, com exceção do Furo do Taici (65%) e da Ilha de Canelas (60%). Além do mais, a flora algal registrada para o Estado do Pará mostrou-se mais similar à flora do litoral do Estado do Maranhão (~ 63%) do que àquela do Estado do Amapá (~ 48%). Embora alguns estudos já tenham caracterizado a comunidade de macroalgas em algumas áreas da costa norte, tais informações devem ainda ser consideradas como preliminares, haja vista a grande extensão dos manguezais amazônicos e o pequeno esforço amostral empregado para determinar a distribuição espacial dessa flora associada aos manguezais da Amazônia brasileira.   Abstract   Spatial distribution of macroalgae associated with mangrove forests in the ajuruteua peninsula, Bragança-Pará   This study aimed to characterize the macroalgae community in the Ajuruteua peninsula and on Canelas Island, Bragança, Pará. Macroalgae were collected from the following substrata: trunk, pneumatophore and rhizophore. Three replicates of each substratum were collected at nine sample stations for species identification. Twelve species from seven genera of macroalgae were recorded in a salinity gradient, ranging from 16 to 42, in which the number of species did not present any significant difference on its spatial distribution. Algae communities along the peninsula until Canelas Island showed high similarities with values over 80%, but Furo do Taici (65%) and Canelas Island (60%). In addition, algae flora recorded in the state of Pará showed to be more similar to that one on the coastline of the state of Maranhão (~ 63%) than the species found in the state of Amapá (~ 48%). Although some studies have already characterized the macroalgae community in some areas in the northern coast of Brazil, such information must be considered as preliminary ones, due to the large extension of the Amazon mangrove forests and the small sampling effort employed to determine the spatial distribution of this flora associated with mangals in the Brazilian Amazon. Key words - spatial distribution, macroalgae, mangal, Ajuruteua peninsula, Pará

Global maps of soil temperature

Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km² resolution for 0–5 and 5–15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e., offset) between in-situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km² pixels (summarized from 8500 unique temperature sensors) across all the world’s major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (-0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in-situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications

Global maps of soil temperature

Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km2 resolution for 0–5 and 5–15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km2 pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world\u27s major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (−0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications

Genomic Surveillance of Yellow Fever Virus Epizootic in São Paulo, Brazil, 2016 – 2018

São Paulo, a densely inhabited state in southeast Brazil that contains the fourth most populated city in the world, recently experienced its largest yellow fever virus (YFV) outbreak in decades. YFV does not normally circulate extensively in São Paulo, so most people were unvaccinated when the outbreak began. Surveillance in non-human primates (NHPs) is important for determining the magnitude and geographic extent of an epizootic, thereby helping to evaluate the risk of YFV spillover to humans. Data from infected NHPs can give more accurate insights into YFV spread than when using data from human cases alone. To contextualise human cases, identify epizootic foci and uncover the rate and direction of YFV spread in São Paulo, we generated and analysed virus genomic data and epizootic case data from NHPs in São Paulo. We report the occurrence of three spatiotemporally distinct phases of the outbreak in São Paulo prior to February 2018. We generated 51 new virus genomes from YFV positive cases identified in 23 different municipalities in São Paulo, mostly sampled from NHPs between October 2016 and January 2018. Although we observe substantial heterogeneity in lineage dispersal velocities between phylogenetic branches, continuous phylogeographic analyses of generated YFV genomes suggest that YFV lineages spread in São Paulo at a mean rate of approximately 1km per day during all phases of the outbreak. Viral lineages from the first epizootic phase in northern São Paulo subsequently dispersed towards the south of the state to cause the second and third epizootic phases there. This alters our understanding of how YFV was introduced into the densely populated south of São Paulo state. Our results shed light on the sylvatic transmission of YFV in highly fragmented forested regions in São Paulo state and highlight the importance of continued surveillance of zoonotic pathogens in sentinel species

Global maps of soil temperature.

Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km2 resolution for 0-5 and 5-15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km2 pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (-0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications

Nereididae (Annelida, Polychaeta) da costa nordeste do Brasil: II. G\ueaneros Namalycastis, Ceratocephale, Laeonereis e Rullierinereis

Six polychaete species belonging to the genera Namalycastis Hartman, 1959, Ceratocephale Malmgren, 1867, Laeonereis Hartman, 1945, and Rullierinereis Pettibone, 1970 were recorded as part of a systematic survey of the family Nereididae in estuaries, exposed sandy beaches, shelly soft bottoms, atolls and coral reefs of the Brazilian northeastern coast. Two new species, Rullierinereis auxiliadorae, from Ceará coast and Ceratocephale rocaensis, from Atol das Rocas, are described